Economic Causes of the American Revolution

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Economic Causes of the American Revolution

What brought about the American Revolution? Like most military conflicts, the
Revolution was spurred by a web of complex social, political, and economic factors.
However, economic concerns were arguably paramount when colonists finally decided to
wage war against the British monarchy. Indeed, the era’s most famous rallying cry
remains “No taxation without representation!”

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Following the French and Indian War (or Seven Years War), the previously prosperous
British government found that its debt had nearly doubled. Parliamentarians soon
proposed that the prosperous American colonists shoulder more of the monarchy’s
expenses. Several new laws were then passed to benefit the Crown and squeeze the
colonists’ pocketbooks.

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The trend began with the Currency Act of 1764. This forbade the colonists’ printing of
paper currency. Colonists were not mining precious metals for coins, and they were now
even more dependent upon Britain for capital. The Currency Act significantly reduced
the colonists’ options for economic self-determination, and this was particularly resented
in light of their existing trade deficit with Great Britain.

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Next, the Sugar Act of 1764 aimed to enforce laws related to molasses importation. Prior
to the French and Indian War, the wealthy British Empire could afford to be lax with its
colonial customs laws. American merchants became accustomed to circumventing trade
tariffs. In effect, they had enjoyed a relatively independent economic system. But when
the King became concerned about his coffers, enforcement of existing tax laws became a
top priority. As taxes on molasses climbed higher, the colonial rum industry atrophied.
The loss of the valuable rum trade meant that associated trade for raw materials, like
lumber from the Caribbean, dwindled. The Sugar Act also added tariffs to non-sugary
goods like coffee and calico fabric. Taxation without representation began to permeate
more and more aspects of the colonial economy.

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Finally, the Stamp Act of 1765 assessed fees for stamps. These stamps were to appear not
only on mail, but on every colonial newspaper, legal document, playing card, mortgage,
and other printed materials. This final wide-sweeping act was designed to raise revenue
for the salaries of British troops and government elites. In many colonists’ opinions, the
Stamp Act most clearly and illegally disconnected taxation from representation.

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To oppose the Stamp Act, most colonies sent representatives to a special session in New
York City. The delegates shed their traditionally humble acquiescence to British rule and
asserted that “no taxes… can be constitutionally imposed… but by their respective
legislatures.” American public opinion supported these delegates’ refusal to accept the
Stamp Act. Popular new leaders like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry emerged to
endorse mob resistance, and by 1765 many American merchants had subscribed to a
Non-Importation Agreement.

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However, the British continued to resist colonial demands for increased self-rule. The
colonists’ verbal protest ultimately became militant. In Massachusetts, for example,
farmers’ political groups rose in rebellion. Armed and angry, farmers’ militias filled
Worcester County’s village green, prevented the opening of traditional British courts and
forcing the resignation of royally-appointed judges. The Worcester County Committees
of Correspondence proposed a convention “of the people” that would design new
institutions of local governance. Locally-grown militias in Virginia and Pennsylvania
followed suit.

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Some American colonists attempted a compromise in 1774. Joseph Galloway, a self-
proclaimed “man of loyal principles”, presented a plan to the First Continental Congress.
Galloway’s peace plan combined a royally-appointed colonial governorship with the
transfer of legislative and taxation powers to the colonists. However, Galloway’s plan
was no match for many colonists’ suspicions of the British. The compromise was rejected
by a single vote.

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At last, in the spring of 1775, the British government ordered the royal governor Thomas
Gage to suppress public assembly in Concord, Massachusetts. When Gage attempted to
seize supplies of the local militia, the Patriot “minutemen” – ready to fight at a minute’s
notice – inflicted heavy casualties upon his British troops. The colonists, now self-
identified as sons and daughters of America, saw little possibility of reconciliation with
Great Britain. The American Revolution had begun.

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Acupuncture and Arthritis

Acupuncture and Arthritis

Acupuncture is a therapy that has long been held in high esteem because of the beliefs that the Chinese had about its capabilities. However, if you are currently living with arthritis then there is something that you should know about the acupuncture therapy. For starters, there have been arthritis patients who have experienced a great relief from the arthritis pain that they have felt. Whether or not acupuncture works for everyone dealing with this kind of chronic pain is unknown, but what is known is that the therapy does work and there should be lots more research being poured into this age-old technique.

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Theories about Why Acupuncture Cures Arthritis

Many chronic arthritis have said that they feel instantly better after a round of the acupuncture therapy. This is not only an astounding finding, but many people and researchers don’t exactly know why it works. However, the only existing and current theory comes from the Chinese because they believed that the therapy of acupuncture could cure pretty much any pain in the body. For starters, the Chinese believe that there are various acupoints located along points in the body that trigger the pain that is felt, especially during a bout of chronic arthritis. If acupuncture needles are then pointed towards those acupoints in the body, it is believed that the pain will cease and the individual can go on living a healthy life.

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This theory certainly is held true over the very many lives that have tried it. More than ten million Americans currently suffer from some form of arthritis, and many of those patients feel as if they have nothing to lose when trying acupuncture. Indeed, they do not have anything to lose, because the Chinese believed that this form of therapy, even if it wouldn’t work for some people, certainly would not be of harm to anyone.

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Where to Receive Arthritis Acupuncture

If one is looking to find a cure for their arthritis and they are looking for an acupuncture cure specifically, there are many places one can go in order to try this age-old therapy. For starters, universities and colleges along with research centers are usually more than happy to take on arthritis patients in their effort to find out more about why acupuncture does work. Along with these kinds of establishments, though, there are also set acupuncture therapists that work alongside patients in their private offices, and these are the offices where the more individualized acupuncture care can take place. If one is not able to find an acupuncture therapist in his or her own city or town then chances are that they will have to drive a short distance to find someone who is interested in the therapy.

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Nevertheless, though, there are thousands of places across the United States that are interested in pursuing the art of acupuncture in order to cure arthritis. What arthritis patients do know and what acupuncture therapists have known for quite some time is that the therapy does work well and it only take a little bit of believe and confidence in order to know that one will actually get better from the terrible and plaguing arthritis.

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A Primer on Medical Acupuncture

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A Primer on Medical Acupuncture Have you ever had an uncontrollable urge to be pierced by a dozen needles? This is the image most people get when someone mentions the word “acupuncture”. It comes as no surprise that most view this technique with suspicion, even downright horror. The fact is, however, that this relatively painless […]

7 morning rituals that are hard to adopt but will pay off forever.

At least that’s what a2009 University of Leipzig study found. The researchers concluded that “morning people were more proactive than evening types.”

But being an effective early riser isn’t just about waking up before everyone else. It’s about putting yourself in a positive mindset and getting important thingsdone before everyone else.

So there’s no point in setting your alarm clock at a crazy-early time if you’re just going to zone out in front of the television for a bit before slouching off to work.

To start your day right, you’ve got to get into some good habits.

Following are seven morning rituals that may seem hard to adopt but will ultimately reap major rewards, if you stick with them.

Make a plan the night before

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This isn’t a morning ritual per se, but it’s a habit that’s definitely conducive to a productive morning routine. So make sure to set yourself up for a successful morning by creating a game plan the night before.

It’s always helpful to have everything you need for the day laid out and ready to go when you wake up. Make sure you’re stocked on whatever you need for breakfast. Write out a little schedule on what you need to accomplish the next day.

This all sounds pretty simple, but when you’re getting home at night, it’s very tempting to just crash on the sofa with a glass of wine and leave all the thinking for tomorrow.

Wake up painfully early
Sorry, night owls. It’s time to adapt.

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In a poll of 20 executives cited by Laura Vanderkam, a time-management expert and the author of “What the Most Successful People Do Before Breakfast,” 90% said they wake up before 6 a.m. on weekdays. PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi, for example, wakes at 4 and is in the office no later than 7. Disney CEO Bob Iger gets up at 4:30 to read. Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey is up at 5:30 to go jogging.

Yes, this might sound awful, but if you get to sleep earlier, that’ll numb the pain of such early wake-ups over time. The bottom line: Productive mornings start with early wake-up calls.

Start the day right with exercise

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Yeah, there are super humans among us who crave that pre-sunrise workout (that, or they’re just really good liars). Still, for everyone else, waking up at the crack of dawn to sweat and get sore probably doesn’t sound ideal.

But the morning is probably the ideal time to exercise. By starting your day with exercise, you’ll prevent yourself from putting it off.

Think about it this way: If some of the busiest people in the world can find time to workout, so can you. For example, Vanderkam notes that Xerox CEO Ursula Burns schedules an hourlong personal-training session at 6 a.m. twice a week.

US President Barack Obama starts out each day with strength and cardio training while Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey does three repetitions of a seven-minute workout, Anisa Purbasari reported for Business Insider.

“These are incredibly busy people,” says Vanderkam. “If they make time to exercise, it must be important.”
Tackle your high-priority projects

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The quiet hours of the morning can be the ideal time to focus on an important work project without being interrupted. What’s more, spending time on it at the beginning of the day ensures that it gets your attention before others — kids, employees, bosses — use it up.

Vanderkam uses the example of a business strategist who dealt with so many ad hoc meetings and interruptions throughout the day that she felt she couldn’t get anything done. She started thinking of the early mornings as project time, and chose a top-priority project each day to focus on. Sure enough, not a single colleague dropped in on her at 6:30 a.m. She could finally concentrate.

Work on your side hustle

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Your side project is easy to skip when you’ve been in meetings all day, are tired and hungry, and have to figure out what’s for dinner. That’s why many successful people put in an hour or so on their personal projects before they officially start their days.

A history teacher at the University of Chicago told Vanderkam that she spent the hours between 6 and 9 working on a book about the religious politics of West Africa. She was able to read journal articles and write several pages before dealing with her teaching responsibilities.

By carving out the time in the morning to write, and making it a habit, she could follow through.

She’s not in bad company. According to the Telegraph, Ludwig Beethoven, John Milton, Kurt Vonnegut, Maya Angelou, and Victor Hugo all tackled their creative projects in the morning.

Have sex — or just talk to your partner

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In the evening, it’s more likely you’ll be tired from the day’s activities. That’s why many successful people make connecting with their partners a morning ritual.

Besides, Vanderkam wonders, what could be better than predawn sex to energize you for the day? After all, regular sex may make you smarter, boost your income, and burn calories.

Even if they’re not getting frisky every morning, many couples use the early hours to talk. For instance, she notes that a BlackRock executive and his wife commute from the suburbs into New York City every morning. They spend the hour-plus trip discussing their lives, finances, household to-do lists, and plans for the week.

Enjoy the silence

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Life can get crazy. It’s often hard to find any moments to spare in your busy schedule. If you’re always rushing around in the morning, it’s difficult to imagine being able to spare any time to have a quiet moment.

But practicing mindfulness isn’t a waste of time. Try to reserve a few minutes for silent contemplation at the start of every day. You can use those peaceful moments to meditate, envision your future success, pray, or reflect on what you’re grateful for — whatever works for you. That short pause can put you in a great mindset for the rest of the day.

 

Source: http://www.businessinsider.com/what-successful-people-do-before-breakfast-2016-8?utm_content=buffer0b0fd&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer/#enjoy-the-silence-7

Coordinating Your Busy Family’s Schedule

 

Coordinating a Busy family Schedule

Coordinating Your Busy Family’s Schedule

If you have a busy family that seems to be traveling in different directions constantly, you know how challenging it can be to coordinate everyone’s schedules. Between projects and deadlines at the office, meetings with your children’s teachers, after school activities like soccer practice and troop meetings, not to mention the household chores, it can be a dizzying and confusing task. But if each family member is committed and communicates effectively, the task of creating a combined family schedule is a manageable one for you.

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The first step is to commit to weekly family meetings. Make it mandatory that each family member is there so that the schedule can be discussed and organized. This should also double as a great opportunity to schedule quality family time together, so make sure it’s held at a time when everyone is able to attend.

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Next, design a schedule that can be easily accessed by all family members, so that everyone knows where everyone else should be at any given time. This can be done by designing one yourself using materials such as poster board, markers, pushpins and index cards that can be pinned to the schedule, allowing for changes that can occur from week to week. It could also be designed on your family computer and saved onto the desktop, so each family member can readily access it and make changes if necessary. Have family members get into the habit of indicating on the schedule specific addresses or contact telephone numbers if the activity is new or changes from week to week. Be sure that care providers for your children such as grandparents and babysitters are familiar with your scheduling system and know how to use it.

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Again, with a commitment from each family member and open lines of communication, the family schedule can be a useful tool for everyone.

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There’s a strange 5-day-a-month diet designed to slow aging — and it might actually work

“When most people pick a diet, they’re hoping they can trim a few inches off their waistlines.

But there’s at least one diet out there that may be able to transform your health in different and more permanent ways.

There’s evidence, at least a bit of it, that drastically cutting calories and eating a specific way five days out of the month may actually slow the effects of aging and make people less likely to suffer from illnesses like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.

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Steak frites is allowed on this diet’s menu, it seems — at least, for most of the month.

While most of what we know about the long-term effects of such eating plans comes from animal studies, researchers think that this diet — called the fasting mimicking diet (FMD) — could transform the body.

Peter Bowes, who participated in a study of FMD, explains in a story written for Mosaic that instead of thinking of it as just a “diet,” researchers studying it “prefer to see it as an investment in the future. It could, they say, start a regenerative process that will lead to improved health and longer life. If the theory stands, I could enjoy a lower risk of cancer, a strengthened immune system, improved cognitive ability and little to no chance of contracting diabetes.”

(People do lose weight on the diet too, but that’s less important than these other factors.)

The diet itself is remarkably simple.

For five consecutive days each month, participants drastically limit their caloric intake (hence, “fasting mimicking”) by up to two-thirds. The first day they’d consume 1,090 calories (10% protein, 56% fat, 34% carbohydrate), and for days two through five they’d consume just 725 calories (9% protein, 44% fat, 47% carbohydrate). Most of those carbohydrates came in the form of vegetables.

That’s not easy. Bowes writes that many participants experienced profound headaches and dehydration. Mentally, he says he alternated between exhaustion and an alert sense of clear-mindedness.

But for the remaining 25 days of the month, study participants ate whatever they normally would.

Researchers have long been fascinated by the health benefits associated with temporary fasting — the idea behind this diet is to get those benefits without having to do something quite so drastic.

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In the study, participants followed the regimen for three months straight. Valter Longo, a professor of gerontology and biological science and the director of the USC Longevity Institute, told Bowes that he and the other researchers behind the study believe most people would reap its benefits by doing the diet three or four times a year.

And the initial benefits reported by the study were pretty remarkable. The number of people on the diet was small — only 19 — but the effects were significant. Participants experienced a drop in a growth hormone that made their bodies more sensitive to insulin and better able to control blood sugar. This persisted after the study. Weight loss was maintained too.

Researchers have studied people who naturally have low levels of this growth hormone (but who have a form of dwarfism) and have found that they have shockingly low rates of cancer and diabetes, even if they are overweight or obese. The idea behind the FMD is to lower levels of this hormone in otherwise healthy people.

Lowering the same growth hormone in mice created the longest-lived lab mice in the world, according to Bowes. And other more extensive studies in mice related to this diet showed changes that led to improved cognitive performance, a stronger immune system, and lower cancer risks. There were no negative side effects.

Much more research is needed, especially in large groups of humans who are followed over many years. Without that, it’s impossible to make any real conclusions about how exactly this diet affects aging.

Yet a diet that might provide the health benefits of fasting while still letting you eat something — and letting you eat normally 25 days a month — is pretty intriguing. And the promising research so far suggests that it’s worth studying further.”

 

Source: http://www.techinsider.io/fasting-mimicking-diet-slows-aging-and-reduces-disease-risk-2016-6

Here’s what magic mushrooms do to your body and mind

There’s evidence that tripping on magic mushrooms could actually free the mind.

Several small studies have linked the psychoactive ingredient in shrooms (which are illegal) with several purported health benefits, including the potential to help relieve anxiety and depression. But, as with any drug, shrooms also come with risks. And because they’re classified as Schedule 1 – meaning they have “no accepted medical use” – it’s been pretty tough for scientists to tease out exactly what they can and can’t do.

Here are a few of the ways we know shrooms can affect your brain and body:

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Source : http://www.techinsider.io/mental-and-physical-effects-of-magic-mushrooms-2016-6

Scientists are one step closer to building a giant detector in space that will listen to the fabric of the universe

What could be more awesome than detecting something never detected before, making one of the most monumental discoveries in physics, andconfirming Albert Einstein’s 100-year-old predictions?

Detecting that same thing in space.

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On Tuesday, at a press conference at the European Space Astronomy Center, scientists announced that they’re one step closer to building a giant detector in space called the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) that will be able to detect ripples in the fabric of spacetime called gravitational waves.

You’ve probably heard of the Earth-based Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), which changed history when it first detected these gravitational waves in September. While LIGO can spot what’s produced by stars exploding and black holes colliding, LISA will be able to detect gravitational waves that are made when entire galaxies collide. And this would help us better understand how galaxies form and evolve.

Studying the universe in gravity could allow us to see as far back in time as the big bang, NASA scientist Charles Dunn told Business Insider. “It’s like opening a new window,” Oliver Jennrich, ESA deputy project scientist, told Business Insider. “All of a sudden we learn about things we had no clue existed.”

The mission is a collaboration between many institutions, including the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA.

A soundtrack to the universe.

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Simulation of merging black holes showing gravitational waves.

What we are able to see with light only makes up .4% of the universe. The rest of the universe is invisible. We only know it exists because it generates gravity.

Gravity is currently the least understood force in physics. But thanks to that monumental September discovery we know that extreme events in the universe can create gravitational waves.

When you toss a pebble into a pond, it creates ripples on the surface that spread out, getting fainter as they get further from where the pebble smacked into the water. Gravitational waves do something similar to the fabric of space and time.

It’s these waves, or ripples, that scientists are now trying to spot in space. Doing so would let us listen, in a sense, to that 99.6% of the universe that we can never see.

It’s more or less like you’re walking in a jungle and you can’t hear the sound.

“Without sound you wouldn’t detect all the life in the jungle,” Stefano Vitale, LTP Principal Investigator, told Business Insider. “When you turn on the sound you can recognize the sources — objects you can’t see because they’re hidden in the jungle. Looking at a gravitational wave is … like adding the soundtrack to the universe because you see things you cannot see with light.”

Free Fallin’

LIGO has made huge strides in helping to detect smaller events of objects close to the mass of our sun. But what about the really big stuff, like the collision of supermassive black holes millions of times the mass of our sun at the center of galaxies?

This is where LISA comes in. To detect things like these, whatever detection system scientists are using must be free from seismic noise from things like Earth moving around, trucks driving, and people walking by.

In that vein, LISA will use a series of tiny 4.6-centimeter gold-platinum cubes, launched into space to get them into a state of near perfect free fall and influenced by nothing other than the sheer force of gravity.

So far, their results have been far better than expected.

“In some peoples minds, what we were trying to do was impossible,” Paul McNamara, ESA’s LISA Pathfinder project scientist, told Business Insider. “But straight out of the box, on day one, it worked. Not only have we achieved it, we achieved way beyond what asked for.”

LISA will be comprised of a triangle of three spacecrafts millions of miles apart. Each of them will house two of the tiny gold-platinum cubes, whose distance will be measured by how long it takes for a laser beam to get from one spacecraft to another.

As a gravitational wave passes through, the geometry of the triangle will change — one arm will get shorter and another will get longer — by about the size of the nucleus of an atom. And this miniscule change is what the scientists will be measuring.

“These events emit more gravitational waves than all the stars and galaxies and everything in the universe combined,” McNamara said. “When these two big objects smash together it shakes the entire universe. And we’ll be able to measure that.”

 

Source: http://www.techinsider.io/giant-gravitational-wave-detector-in-space-2016-6